Resources

Below is a list of resources to help public history professionals and educators develop content knowledge and skills for interpreting the histories and legacies of slavery and race in the United States.

Resources for developing school and youth programs
Resources on the history of slavery and emancipation
Resources on the history of race after the Civil War
Resources for addressing issues of slavery and race today
Resources for public historians and educators
Films
Discussion guide


Resources on developing school and youth programs

  • Brown, Kirsty and Hilary Kennedy, “Learning through conversation: Exploring and extending teacher and children’s involvement in classroom talk,” School Psychology International 32, no. 4 (August 2011). 
  • Brown, Lovisa, Caren Gutierrez, Janine Okmin, and Susan McCullough, “Desegregating Conversations about Race and Identity in Culturally Specific Museums,” Journal of Museum Education 42, no. 2 (May 2017). 
  • Gök?i?dem, Elif M., ed. Designing for Empathy: Perspectives on the Museum Experience, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). 
  • Hindley, Anna Forgerson and Julie Olsen Edwards, “Early Childhood Racial Identity – The  Potential Powerful Role for Museum Programing,” Journal of Museum Education 42, no. 1 (February 2017). 
  • Hein, George, “Constructivist Learning Theory,” The Museum and the Needs of People: CECA (International Committee of Museum Educators) Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 15-22 October 1991.
  • Horton, James Oliver and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory. (New York: The New Press, 2006).  
  • Hughes, Julie M., Rebecca S. Bigler and Sheri R. Levy, “Consequences of Learning about Historical Racism among European American and African American Children,” Child Development, 78:6 (Nov. – Dec., 2007), pp. 1689-1705.
  • Katrikh, Mark, “Creating Safe(r) Spaces for Visitors and Staff in Museum Programs,” Journal of Museum Education 43:1 (2018). 
  • Kendi, Ibram X. How to be Anti-Racist. New York: Random House, 2019. 
  • Klein, Stephan, “Preparing to Teach a Slavery Past: History Teachers and Educators as Navigators of Historical Distance,” Theory & Research in Social Education, 45:1, 2017, 75-109.
  • Martinko, Megan & Jessica Luke, “”They Ate Your Laundry!” Historical Thinking in Young History Museum Visitors,” Journal of Museum Education, 43:3, 2018, 245-259.
  • Okun, Tema. The Emperor Has No Clothes: Teaching Race and Racism to People Who Don’t Want to Know (Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishing, Inc. 2010). 
  • Pecore, John L. et al, “Formal Lessons Improve Informal Educational Experiences: The Influence of Prior Knowledge on Student Engagement,” Visitor Studies 20 (1).    
  • Ragland, Rachel, G. “Changing Secondary Teachers’ Views of Teaching American History,” The History Teacher, 40:2 Feb., 2007, pp. 219-246.
  • Simon, Nina. “The Art of Relevance,” http://www.artofrelevance.org/2016/06/27/introduction-unlocking-relevance/.  
  • Simon, Nina. The Participatory Museum. Santa Cruz, Calif.: Attribution-Non-Commercial, 2010. 
  • Sonu, Debbie, “Playing Slavery in First Grade: When “Developmental Appropriateness” Goes Awry in the Progressive Classroom,” Multicultural Perspectives, 2020, 22:2. 
  • Tatum, Beverly Daniel. Why are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2017. 
  • Zalut, Lauren. “Interpreting Trauma, Memory, and Lived Experience in Museums and Historic Sites,” Journal of Museum Education, 43:1, 2018, 4-6.


Resources on the history of slavery and emancipation

Covers the full story of slavery in the economic development of the United States and its success in modernizing into a industrial superpower.

A single-volume history of cotton and its central role in the emergence of the modern world economy.

An exploration of the lives of enslaved people and slave masters in New England, based on archaeological work at the Royall House and Slave Quarters in Medford, Mass., which was once a 500-acre slave plantation.

A study of the central role of cotton, and therefore of slavery and race, in the history of the United States, including the rise of the textile industry and northern commercial success, territorial expansion, and enduring economic power after emancipation.

In this memoir, Tom DeWolf recounts being part of the journey taken by ten descendants of the DeWolf slave-trading family in Traces of the Trade. He discusses the intellectual and emotional impact of learning that his northern family, like so many others, was deeply enmeshed in slavery, and how this transformed his understanding of issues of race and privilege in his own life.

Written by journalists from the Hartford Courant, based on a series the newspaper ran about Connecticut’s hidden history of slavery, this book is an accessible introduction to the North’s surprisingly deep and significant role in slavery, from early colonial times until the Civil War.

While much of this book, by eminent historian Eric Foner, focuses on the Reconstruction period following the Civil War, he begins with an examination of the process of emancipation, offering a much-needed emphasis on how black Americans advanced the cause of abolition and were shaped by it.

This book dismantles the myth that race is a static concept. Instead, Jones shows how the notion of race only gradually became significant in American history, as a tool in a series of power struggles that were ultimately grounded in economic interests. This historical narrative is an alternative both to those who see race relations as eternal and unchanging, and to those who would believe we exist now in a society moving simply and gradually into a “post-racial” or “color-blind” future.

An exploration of the lives of enslaved people and slave masters in a quintessential New England town, more famous for being the home of leading abolitionists than for being a “slave town” for a century and a half. Addresses how emancipation unfolded in the North, as well, by showing how Concord first segregated its newly emancipated black population, and then systematically drove them away, even while the cause of abolition in the South was gradually becoming more fashionable in the North.

Ten Hills Farm tells the powerful saga of five generations of slave owners in colonial New England. Settled in 1630 by John Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Ten Hills Farm, a six-hundred-acre estate just north of Boston, passed from the Winthrops to the Ushers, to the Royalls?all prominent dynasties tied to the Native American and Atlantic slave trades. 

This landmark study explores how New England gradually and reluctantly emancipated its slaves in the generations leading up to the Civil War, and the implications of that process for the lives of formerly enslaved blacks and for the North’s creation of the myth of its racial innocence.

A finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2017, this study examines the role of slavery in colonial New England, with due attention to the economic centrality of the institution, to its pervasive character in colonial society, and to the harrowing experience of the enslaved.

A systematic examination of the ways in which U.S. colleges and universities depended upon slavery and were a breeding ground for the racial ideologies which sustained that institution.


Resources on the history of race after the Civil War

Blackmon explores how, during the Jim Crow era, millions of formerly enslaved black Americans and their descendants experienced other forms of involuntary servitude, including forced labor at the hands of a corrupt judicial system.

The history of how economic policies enacted during the Great Depression and in the decades afterwards deliberately excluded black Americans, widening the nation’s racial gap and magnifying our current racial inequalities.

The history of how federal, state, and local governments throughout most of the 20th century manufactured and enforced racial segregation in residential housing through discriminatory policies and practices, with profound consequences for the lives of African American families and the education of their children.

On the centenary of the Civil War, Warren address the formation of the mythology and misconceptions surrounding causes and consequences of the war and how Americans created a palatable legacy.


Resources for addressing issues of slavery and race today

In this remarkable book, Sharon Morgan, a descendant of enslaved Americans, and Tom DeWolf, a descendant of northern slave-traders, journey together and explore how to heal from this history across racial lines.

A brutally honest look into a life of white privilege and the obliviousness to issues of race which came with it, Debby Irving’s memoir draws on her painful, determined journey to enlightenment to illuminate a pathway for other white Americans to follow.

This is a classic summary of many of the ways in which white people, today, benefit from the privilege of being white in our society. This article is a good basis for beginning a nuanced discussion of privileges and disadvantages arising out of our nation’s history of slavery and racial discrimination.


Resources for public historians and educators

The authors toured two hundred historic sites in Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia, finding that the interpretation of slavery in the South still overwhelmingly trivializes the experiences of the enslaved and centers on the glorification of the white slave-owning elite.

  • Ellis, Rex, “Re: Living History: Bringing History Into Play.” American Visions 7:6 (December-January 1992), 22-25

Reviews Colonial Williamsburg’s successful reinterpretation of slavery and draws lessons for other sites confronting similar challenges.

This eight-page guide outlines six pillars for offering an accurate, balanced, and sensitive interpretation of slavery at museums and historic sites.

This reading may be thought of as a preview of our first book, Interpreting Slavery at Museums and Historic Sites (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).

The essays in this edited volume explore contemporary controversies over the memory of slavery and implications for American culture and racial reconciliation.

  • Jay, Bethany and Cynthia Lynn Lyerly, eds., Understanding and Teaching American Slavery (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016)

A collection of essays on teaching slavery, aimed at high school and college teachers.

  • Lovejoy, Paul E. and Benjamin P. Bowser, The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery: New Directions in Teaching and Learning (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 2013)

The first set of essays in this collection explore the teaching of the African diaspora in a variety of nations, while the second set explore the psychological consequences of this history, especially in the classroom.

This eight-page guide outlines a strategy for helping learners to engage with difficult knowledge, called “Commemorative Museum Pedagogy.”

An historical archaeologist uses four case studies of Civil War sites and monuments to explore the role of racial dynamics in the nation’s construction of its memory of slavery and race.

A outstanding collection of essays on the interpretation of African American history and culture from the colonial era through the 20th century, addressing both historical research and interpretive methodologies. Includes an essay by Kristin L. Gallas and James DeWolf Perry on interpreting slavery at museums and historic sites.

  • Various Authors,  “Race Dialogue and Inclusion: A Museum on the National Stage,” Journal of Museum Education (Museum Education Roundtable,Vol 42 No 1, 2017)
  • Various Authors, “Identifying and Transforming Racism in Museum Education,” Journal of Museum Education (Museum Education Roundtable, Vol 42 No 2, 2017)

These two issues of JME provide insight into how museums are confronting issues of race and social justice, within their own institutional structures and through programming with visitors.

Films

This documentary film follows descendants of the DeWolf family of Bristol, R.I., as they learn that their family was the largest slave-trading dynasty in U.S. history. Viewers observe the family today as they journey across the triangle trade of their ancestors, from New England to Ghana to Cuba and back, uncovering a hidden past and exploring the implications of this knowledge for their own identities and for issues of privilege and racial healing today.

This 31-minute video situates the Episcopal Church’s contemporary discussions about race and privilege in the context of the Church’s history of complicity in slavery.

Discussion guides
For the national broadcast of “Traces of the Trade” on PBS, members of the Tracing Center staff collaborated with the PBS film series, P.O.V., to create two guides for discussing the film:

  • The discussion guide for participants, with background information, questions, and suggestions for discussing the film
  • The facilitator’s guide, with additional advice for those planning to lead discussions of the film

Both guides contain advice which is broadly applicable to discussing similar films, or broader discussions about race, privilege, and the role of the entire nation in the history of slavery.